Jimi Hendrix (November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. Hendrix is considered one of the greatest and most influential guitarists in rock music history.[1] After initial success in England, he achieved worldwide fame following his 1967 performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. Later, Hendrix headlined the iconic 1969 Woodstock Festival.
Jimi Hendrix helped pioneer the technique of guitar feedback with overdriven amplifiers, incorporating into his music what was previously an undesirable sound. He built upon the innovations and influences of blues stylists such as B.B. King, Muddy Waters, Albert King, and T-Bone Walker, and derived style from rhythm and blues and soul guitarists Curtis Mayfield, Steve Cropper, and Cornell Dupree, as well as from traditional jazz. Part of Hendrix’s flamboyant stage persona may have been inspired by rock pioneer Little Richard, with whom he toured as part of Richard’s back-up band, “The Upsetters.” Hendrix is also widely thought to be influenced by Pete Townshend of The Who, who performed in London when Hendrix started his career there in 1966. Carlos Santana has also suggested that Hendrix’s music may have been influenced by his Native American heritage.[2]
Hendrix strove to combine what he called “earth”, a blues, jazz, or funk driven rhythm accompaniment, with “space”, the high-pitched psychedelic sounds created by his guitar improvisations. As a record producer, Hendrix also broke new ground in using the recording studio as an extension of his musical ideas; he was one of the first to experiment with stereophonic and phasing effects during recording.
Hendrix was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. His star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (at 6627 Hollywood Blvd.) was dedicated in 1994. In 2006, his debut album, Are You Experienced, was inducted into the United States National Recording Preservation Board’s National Recording Registry. Rolling Stone named Hendrix number 1 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time in 2003.[3]
Hendrix was born on November 27, 1942, in Seattle, Washington, U.S.. He was originally named Johnny Allen Hendrix, but later re-named James Marshall Hendrix. Hendrix’s parents (James “Al” Hendrix and Lucille Jeter) divorced when he was nine years old, and in 1958 his mother died. He went to live with his Cherokee grandmother because of his unstable household. At age 15, he received his first guitar, an electric to replace the broom stick he would strum like one.[4] Learning quickly, he played in many local bands, playing as far away as Vancouver.[4] Hendrix did not graduate from high school. Hendrix later claimed that he was expelled for holding hands with his white girlfriend, but when questioned later, his principal insisted that it was due to poor grades and frequent absences.
Hendrix got into trouble with the law twice for riding in a stolen car. He was given a choice between spending two years in prison or joining the army. Hendrix chose the latter and enlisted on May 31, 1961. After completing boot camp, he was assigned to the 101st Airborne Division and stationed in Fort Campbell, Kentucky. His commanding officers considered him to be a sub-par soldier: he slept while on duty, had little regard for regulations, required constant supervision, and showed no skill as a marksman. For these reasons, his commanding officers submitted a request that Hendrix be discharged from the military after he had served only one year.[5]
After his release, Hendrix and army friend Billy Cox moved to nearby Clarksville, Tennessee, where they formed a band called “The King Kasuals”. Playing in low-paying gigs at obscure venues, the band eventually moved to Nashville. Playing and sometimes living in the clubs along Jefferson Street, the traditional heart of Nashville’s black community and home to a lively rhythm and blues scene, offered a bare sort of existence.[6] In November 1962, Hendrix participated in his first studio session, where his wild but still undeveloped playing found him cut from the soundboard.
For the next three years, Hendrix made a precarious living on the Chitlin Circuit, performing in black-oriented venues throughout the South with both the King Kasuals and in backing bands for various soul, R&B, and blues musicians, including Chuck Jackson, Slim Harpo, Tommy Tucker, Sam Cooke, and Jackie Wilson. The Chitlin Circuit was an important phase of Jimi’s career, since the refinement of his style and blues roots occurred there. His work garnered him little fame or profit, and the extremes of racism and poverty that he endured left an indelible mark on his memories of this era.
Frustrated by his experiences in the South, Hendrix decided to try his luck in New York City. Jimi was always inspired by a saying he once heard from his grandmother: “I want to need to have you. First I have to need to want you.” In January 1964, he moved to Harlem, where he quickly befriended Lithofayne “Fayne” Pridgeon (who later became his girlfriend) and the Allen twins, Arthur and Albert (now known as Taharqa and Tunde-Ra Aleem). The Allen twins quickly became loyal friends who kept Hendrix out of trouble in New York. The twins also performed as backup singers (under the name Ghetto Fighters) on some of his recordings, most notably the funk anthem “Freedom”. Pridgeon, a beautiful Harlem native with connections throughout the area’s music scene, provided Hendrix with shelter, support, and encouragement during the poorest and most desperate years of his life. In February 1964, Hendrix won first prize in the Apollo Theater amateur contest. The win was encouraging, but in general he found breaking into the New York scene difficult.
In 1965, guitar pioneer and producer Les Paul watched Hendrix audition for a nightclub gig in Greenwich Village, NYC, and was awestruck by his performance. An errand forced Les Paul to leave the club before he had the chance to speak with Hendrix. When he returned later to contact and sign Hendrix, Les Paul found that the club owner had turned Hendrix down for being too loud and crazy and that Hendrix had disappeared.[citation needed] That year, Hendrix earned a spot as the new guitarist for the Isley Brothers‘ band and joined their national tour, which included the southern Chitlin’ circuit. Hendrix played his first successful studio session on the two-part Isley Brothers hit “Testify”. In Nashville, he left the Isleys to tour with Gorgeous George Odell. In Atlanta, he earned a spot in the backing band of Little Richard, The Upsetters. Although Hendrix idolized Richard, he clashed frequently with the star over tardiness, wardrobe, and, above all, Hendrix’s flashy stage antics. For a short while, Hendrix quit and toured with Ike and Tina Turner, but was quickly fired for playing wild guitar solos and returned to Little Richard’s band. Months later, he was banished from The Upsetters after missing the tour bus in Washington, D.C.. Around this time he refined his flamboyant guitar stage style, much of which was influenced by Johnny “Guitar” Watson.
In 1965, Hendrix joined a New York-based band, Curtis Knight and the Squires, after meeting Knight in the lobby of a seedy midtown hotel where both men were living at the time. Hendrix then toured for two months with Joey Dee and the Starliters before rejoining the Squires in New York. On October 15, 1965, Hendrix signed a three-year recording contract with entrepreneur Ed Chalpin, receiving $1 and 1% royalty on records with Curtis Knight. While the relationship with Chalpin was short-lived, his contract remained in force, which caused considerable problems for Hendrix later on in his career. The legal dispute was eventually settled. During a brief excursion to Vancouver in 1965, it was reported that Hendrix played in Motown band Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers with Taylor and Tommy Chong (of Cheech and Chong fame). Chong, however, disputes this ever happened and that any such appearance is a product of Taylor’s imagination”.[7]
In 1966, Hendrix formed his own band, Jimmy James and The Blue Flames, composed of various friends he would casually meet at Manny’s Music Shop, including a 15-year old runaway from California named Randy Wolfe. Since there were two musicians named “Randy” in the group, Hendrix dubbed Wolfe “Randy California” and the other “Randy Texas”. Randy California would later co-found the band Spirit with Ed Cassidy.
Hendrix and his new band quickly gained local attention and played throughout New York City, but their primary spot was a residency at the Cafe Wha? on MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village. During this period, Hendrix met and worked with singer-guitarist Ellen McIlwaine and guitarist Jeff “Skunk” Baxter, who was an employee at Manny’s. Hendrix also met Frank Zappa during this time, who is credited as having introduced Hendrix to the newly-invented wah-wah.
Early in 1966 at the Cheetah Club on West 21st Street, Linda Keith, the girlfriend of Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards, befriended Hendrix and recommended him to Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham and producer Seymour Stein. Neither man took a liking to Hendrix’s music, however, and they both passed. She then referred him to Chas Chandler, who was ending his tenure as bassist in The Animals and looking for talent to manage and produce. Chandler was enamored with the song “Hey Joe” and was convinced that he could create a hit single by remaking it into a rock song.
Impressed with Hendrix’s version, Chandler brought him to London and signed him to a management and production contract with himself and ex-Animals manager Michael Jeffery. Chandler then helped Hendrix form a new band, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, with guitarist-turned-bassist Noel Redding and drummer Mitch Mitchell, both British musicians. Shortly before the Experience was formed, Chandler introduced Hendrix to Pete Townshend and to Eric Clapton, who had only recently formed Cream. At Chandler’s request, Cream let Hendrix join them on stage for a gig. Hendrix and Clapton remained friends up until Hendrix’s death.
UK success
After a number of European club appearances, word of Hendrix spread through the London music community. His showmanship and virtuosity made instant fans of reigning guitar heroes Eric Clapton and Jeff Beck, as well as members of The Beatles and The Who, whose managers signed Hendrix to The Who’s record label, Track Records.
Hendrix’s first single was a cover of “Hey Joe“, crafted after folk-singer Tim Rose’s slower revision of the song and adapted to Hendrix’s emerging style. Backing the first single was Jimi’s first songwriting effort, “Stone Free“. Further success came with “Purple Haze” and “The Wind Cries Mary“. The three singles were all UK Top 10 hits. Onstage, Hendrix was also making a huge impression with fiery renditions of the B.B. King hit “Rock Me Baby” and an ultra-fast revision of Howlin Wolf’s blues classic, “Killing Floor“.
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Grupa Ramones se često spominje kao prva punk rock grupa. Naime, grupa je nastala već 1974. u New Yorku. Njihova je karijera trajala dvadeset i dvije godine, a tokom cijele karijere su neprestano nastupali na turnejama, tako da su uspjeli doći do impresivne brojke od 2.263 održanih koncerata. 1996. godine, nakon nastupa na festivalu Lollapalooza, krenuli su na manju klupsku turneju, nakon koje su se razišli. U razdoblju od osam godina nakon raspada grupe, preminula su njezina tri osnivača; pjevač Jeffry Ross Hyman a.k.a Joey Ramone (2001.), basist Douglas Glenn Colvin a.k.a Dee Dee Ramone (2002.) i gitarist John Cummings a.k.a Johnny Ramone (2004.). Njih trojica činila su originalnu postavu (Joey je bio pjevač i bubnjar), a nekoliko mjeseci nakon nastanka pridružuje im se bubnjar Tamás Erdélyi a.k.a Tommy Ramone. Tommy odlazi iz grupe 1978., a zamjenjuje ga Mark Bell (Marky Ramone), koji pak grupu napušta 1983. te im se ponovno pridružuje 1987. Za vrijeme njegovog odsustva bubnjeve je svirao Richard Reinhardt (Richie Ramone), a na dva koncerta 12987. s Ramonesima je nastupao i Clem Burke, bubnjar grupa Blondie, pod umjetničkim imenom Elvis Ramone. Osim te parade bubnjara, u grupi se dogodila još jedna promjena, 1989. kada je bend napustio basist Dee Dee Ramone, a zamijenio ga je Christopher James Ward (C.J. Ramone), koji je s bendom nastupao do raspada 1996. godine.
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Uglavnom, Ramonesi su krenuli ka komercijalizaciji napuštajući karakteristični "sirovi" punk zvuk, no unatoč tome ovo je postala jedna od njihovih danas najpoznatijih pjesama (uz još komercijalniju "Pet Sematary" na primjer). No, njezin uspjeh se temelji i na činjenici da je u live nastupima, zbog velike količine korištenih instrumenata, to sve izbačeno i svedeno na osnovne instrumente, a vodeći instrument je bas gitara, umjesto saksofona.
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